TITLE FROM THE RESEARCH WORK
A study around the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and private care products (PPCPs), drug immune bacteria and their removal efficiency of PPCPs in the sewage treatment plants
AIMS:
- ü To examine the presence of PPCPs, heavy alloys and their technique development, in treated effluents of the hospital and domestic sewage and the receiving lake water.
- ü To analyze the removal efficacy of PPCPs and heavy precious metals at diverse steps with the treatment procedure.
- ü To investigate the feasibility of constructed wetlands in the removal of selected PPCPs and heavy metals.
- ü To check into the medicine resistant medically important bacterias in the sewage and their Amount of resistance genes.
COURSE WORK/ SEMINAR TOPICS ASSIGNED:
Course/ Seminar Name Status Credits earned
- one particular Research Technique Completed 5
- 2 Biography safety Finished 2
- 3 Basic microbes techniques for level of resistance detection Completed 2
- some Chemical security and radioactive safety Accomplished 2
- five PPCPs in aquatic environment in India Completed a couple of
SUMMARY CERTAINLY WORKS
Course work- 4: Standard microbial processes for resistance recognition
Microorganisms need nutrients to grow which is supplied both by stable or the liquid media. Chemical agar can be described as solid press, gelatinous material derived from seaweed. The
basic liquefied medium is definitely nutrient broth, typically the variety of water, meats extract peptone, and sodium chloride. Some of the microorganisms require enriched mass media with progress promoting substances such as creature blood, glucose or egg. MacConkey agar is a gear media contains chemicals designed to distinguish microorganisms by the appearance of their groupe.
Types of Culture Press:
Depending on the make up the mass media has been labeled: Defined multimedia classified as selective medium or gear media. Sophisticated media which will contains components of beef (peptone), dairy (tryptone), soyabean meal (soytone) or fungus. Complex media and establish media can even be called while selective mass media. For example , MacConkey agar is usually selective to get gram negative bacteria.
There are different types of media employed for culturing and isolating bacterias. Some of them happen to be
Blood agar, MacConkey agar, Nutrient agar and Chromocult coliform agar.
Culture approaches:
Culturing of microorganisms is a means for multiplying organisms by allowing them to reproduce inside the determined tradition media below lab conditions. These nationalities are used to identify the type of patient. It is one of the important analysis method of microbiology and also applied as a instrument to identify the infectious disease.
Methods:
- Ability plate approach
- Stab dish method
- Heart stroke plate technique
Staining Tactics:
Staining is a great auxiliary technique used in incredibly tiny techniques to enhance the clarity with the microscopic image. Stains and dyes will be widely used to explore the structure from the biological specimens, cells, cells etc .
The techniques are basic staining and grams staining
Simple discoloration:
Basic staining can be described as technique that microorganisms shows the color attribute of the staining solution which usually reveals size and shape. The basic staining that are used are methylene green, basic fuschin, malachite green etc . The bacteria present in the smear takes discoloration and appears in the colour of stain. It truly is basically accustomed to identify morphology and layout of bacterias.
Gram staining:
Gram staining is a technique that differentiates bacterias into two groups: gram positives and gram problems. It is based on the ability of microorganisms to retain color the stains used during the reaction. Gram negative bacteria can be easily decolorized by the liquor, losing the colour of the principal stain, it can appear in magenta color. Gram positive bacterias are not decolorized by the alcohol and will remains purple, following decolorization stage, a counterstain is used to impart a pink
The normal tests used for identifying the bacteria will be
Motility Tests:
- The test is used to determine the motility of the creatures to distinguish Enterobacteriaceae
- There are different methods of motility dedication depends on the pathogenic capability of the organisms.
- Wet mount slide, suspending drop slip
- Natura Test, methyl red, Voges Proskauer (MR/VP), Citrate Usage test, Blood sugar Fermentatison Gas Production, triple sugar straightener agar test out, catalase evaluation, oxidase textual content and coagulase test.
Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion way of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing:
- It is a routine technique used to test the sensitivity of the bacteria with the antimicrobials.
- The procedure can be as follows
- Preparation with the inoculum in the primary tradition. Similar presence of the groupe is examined from diverse colonies and ultimately transferred it to the saline.
- Ability the swab of groupe all over the dishes by revolving the plate at an angle of 60oC and let it stay for 3-5 minutes and allow it to get it dried.
- Put the antimicrobial dvds on the surface area of the agar agar which can be put using forceps and dvd dispenser. Cds should not be put closer than 24mm. The plates must be placed in an incubator at 35oC pertaining to overnight. Finally, the outcomes be viewed according to the antimicrobial susceptibility data. The the desired info is reported because susceptible, more advanced or resilient.
Study course work- five: Chemical security and radio active security
Chemicals may be fluids, gases, solids or powder-based blushes have the trend to damage health because it used or perhaps handled incorrectly, those could be corrosive, harmful agents, reactive or flammables can make fumes, vapors, dust, and mists.
The use, handling, storage space and the disposal of chemical substances have been improved. For price the benefits and dangers, you ought to consider the whole lifecycle from the chemical goods. The incidents which have happened through the chemicals have a restricted effect. These kinds of effects may not be the workers itself but as well in homes by mishaps or by consumer goods through foods. (1)
Rays exposure much more than permissible limitations can result in significant biological harm which can be transfer to foreseeable future generations. This results to get the proper attention and usage of safe work techniques while dealing with radioactive isotopes. The use of radioactive sources is becoming very vast quick following your discovery of radioactivity. This expanded by academic labs where physical characteristics of radiation along with effects of rays on humans, animals, plant life or components were studied to the wide use in sector, medicine, and research. Resources used today span coming from nuclear gasoline in NPPs to smoke detectors used in homes. (2)
Chemical Storage:
The unsafe chemicals must be stored according to their circumstances and properties. Chemicals have the tendency to react collectively to become shaky or harmful. Liquids that happen to be flammable must be stored separately to avoid open fire.
Disposal:
Waste chemical substances should be handled properly to minimize the personal problems. Disposal of chemicals needs to be in a specifically labeled containers. The non-returnable cylinders may possibly contain poisonous and the reactive gas which needs to be disposed of effectively. Chemicals which contain toxic providers should be decontaminated before the fingertips.
Physical and Chemical Hazards
Personal security:
Chemical substance splash goggles are to be employed while controlling the chemicals. nonflammable, non porous aprons are the least costly and defensive instead of research laboratory jacket.
Rays Protection:
- 3 types of protection are effective from ionizing radiation. They are time, length and protecting
- Exposure period helps to control the publicity dose
- Make an effort to reduce the time for you to spent in the radiation place to decrease the exposure
There is a direct relationship between your dose of exposure as well as the time duration of the coverage.
To lower the publicity maintaining the ideal distance helps you to reduce the volume of photons every unit time to an acceptable level.
A barrier or shield before handling the radioactive isotope is used to protect against exposures. Shielding can be both container with heavy surfaces, concrete wall surfaces or cladding on radioactive material. (7)
Clinical safety practices for managing radioisotopes:
The area must be posted using a caution sign where the radioactive elements are used. The levels of radiation depth should be classed on the doorways of the bedrooms. The indicator tape ought to be marked for the containers with the materials that contains radioactive
materials. The beakers, pontoons and forceps should be proclaimed with the care tape. Lab coat or perhaps apron, vision protection and gloves should certainly wear compulsorily before unsealing and while handling the radioactive materials. Pipetting the alternatives with mouth is extremely dangerous and shouldn’t be done any kind of time circumstances. Making use of cosmetics, storing food or perhaps smoking close to working location is harmful.
Waste Managing:
Radioactive waste needs to be disposed simply according to the safety rules. Zero waste needs to be thrown for the ordinary rubbish. No liquid waste may be disposed of into the drains or any sewer opportunities. For the mixed waste materials one should demand radioactive safety for the right disposal. (8)
First aid and basic safety equipment:
Every clinical should be furnished with the first-aid kit and the instructor should teach the usage of the system. The lab should include fire extinguishers, wash fountains, eye clean and first-aid supplies. Reporting must be done compulsorily for all the minor and major accidents.
Crisis:
- Go through safety rules and cards of fire burglar alarm during an emergency.
- Learn how to use the fire extinguisher, eye wash, and protection shower in lab.
- Notify to the authorities immediately for virtually any spill, personal injury, fire or perhaps explosion.
- Be familiar with complete building evacuation procedure.
Standard and personal basic safety in lab:
- Dangerous materials ought to be handled only be wearing protection glasses, gloves and encounter shields.
- Read the labels thoroughly before controlling the chemicals or any hazardous materials.
- Never use the instrument without proper training and also the approval by the supervisor.
- Research laboratory coats, mitts and safety glasses should be used whilst handling risky substances.
- The used components should be disposed properly in the appropriate containers.
- Failure in equipment’s will need to report instantly to the laboratory instructor or supervisor. By no means try to repair the problem, it may damage.
- Never pipette directly from oral cavity.
- Clean the workshop after polishing off the work
- Wash the hands properly before leaving or eating.
Electrical protection:
Follow the required rules before operating the high voltage products and maintain the correct wiring and electrical connections. Extension cords needs to be electrically grounded with fuse. Never change the high voltage equipment and make sure all the capacitors are dismissed. (12)
Usage of open fire extinguisher:
- Pull the extinguisher pin number and make an effort to the source from the flames.
- Press the trigger and hold it and sweep the source until the fire flames stop and extinguisher gets dry.
Common requirements of the clinical safety:
- The lab protocols for all the experiments especially safety restrictions for the harmful chemicals should be updated and follow the instructor use it.
- The appropriate writeup as well as the instructions list should stick to properly whilst performing the experiment.
- Safety googles and a lab coat whilst working with acids and chemical compounds.
- Work areas should have substance resistant.
- Radioactive material must be separately washed. Separate basins should be used for chemicals and radioactive elements.
- Safety showering.
- Eye wash for hazardous chemicals and biological material
- Blow up hood for the usage of chemicals and acids.
- Biosafety cupboard for the biological chemical substances.
- Decontaminated chair and household furniture.
- Sufficient quantity of electrical retailers to lower the usage of extension cords. (13)
