Excerpt coming from Thesis:
Introduction to Study
This study employed a five-chapter format to achieve the above-stated research purpose. Chapter one of the analyze was used to introduce the topics into consideration, provide a statement of the issue, the purpose and importance of the study, as well as the scope and rationale. Chapter two offers a critical report on the relevant and peer-reviewed books, and phase three completely describes the study’s strategy, including a explanation of the research approach, the data-gathering method and the repository of analyze consulted. Part four is definitely comprised of an analysis of the data developed during the research process and chapter five presents the study’s results, a summary of your research and tips for improvements to the device prototyped and envisioned herein.
Phase 2: Report on Related Materials
It is sensible to suggest that all battery-powered handheld device users have noticed battery failure at a critical juncture, whether it be making a crucial or even unexpected emergency call on a cell phone, publishing an project to school, or perhaps downloading crucial corporate info on a personal digital assistance, tablet pc or related devices. In this regard, Clinton and Kantrakirschner question, “Why would it be that more plus more we find ourselves pushing the ‘on’ switch and watching the sad spectacle of nothing taking place? ” (2004, p. 58). The reason for this kind of failure, naturally , is the limited amount of power that conventional batteries are capable of providing, with a few of the even more power-hungry products such as multifunction cell phones, laptop computer and notebook computers that require power supply replacements following just an hour’s use (Clinton Kantrakirschner 2004). As an example of such energy-intensive devices, Clinton and Kantrakirschner cite the Nokia 7700 which provides the subsequent features:
1 ) A sixty five, 546-color touch screen with 640×320-pixel resolution
installment payments on your A Web internet browser;
3. Digital playback;
5. FM radio;
a few. Built-in camera;
6. Voice recording;
7. Wireless bluetooth connectivity;
8. Personal-information-management computer software, word control, spreadsheet and presentation visitors.
This veritable “Swiss military knife” of mobile devices was engineered to supply between simply 3 and 4 hours of telephone use only, and this functionality is seriously diminished in the event that any of the different features are used (Clinton Kantrakirschner 2004). In accordance to a senior analyst pertaining to the technology consulting firm IDC, “Everybody wants even more in the way of features, everybody wants even more in the way of functions. They wish their iPod had a color screen. Sellers are trying to pack in more cu power; better, brighter, deeper exhibits; better audio capability; 3D accelerators to get graphics; more storage. And the reality is, battery-life is extremely limited” (quoted in Clinton Kantrakirschner 2004, for p. 60). Not surprisingly, experts have been positively involved in searching for improvements in conventional battery design and gratification, as well as minimizing the energy requirements for existing devices. To date, at least some progress has been manufactured as can be seen from the power requirements necessary for three-megapixel digicam model shown in Physique 5 under.
Figure five. Average Electrical power Requirements pertaining to 3MP Digicams: 2002-2004
Origin: Based on tabular data in Clinton Kantrakirschner 2004, g. 60
Different improvements in performance are also developed in screen shows and hard disk drives for mobile computers, nevertheless the fact is still that while this kind of research goes on, the marketplace will be flooded with other multi-feature products that continue to be energy-intensive and require frequent battery substitutes. For instance, a recent report via Denison (2011) emphasizes that, “As the technology included in battery powered devices like laptops and cell phones improvements, so will their demand for power. really great that your mobile phone can now act as a fully practical GPS unit and Hd-video player, but it starts seeking a lot less desirable when its battery life can be knocked in a matter of minutes” (p. 2).
Whilst these multi-feature devices continue to be improved within their performance, the addition of yet more functionalities has established a Catch-22 cycle wherein researchers have been completely more efficient in incorporating additional features in hand-held mobile devices than they have in the battery technology that is required to power these people (Yildiz 2009). According to the authority, “The critical long term solution ought to therefore become independent of the limited energy readily available during the operating or operating of these kinds of devices” (Yildiz 2009, g. 4). There are a few potentially long term solutions obtainable, though, and Table 1 below analyzes the predicted power and challenges of varied ambient energy sources in a recent study by simply Yildiz, Zhu, Pecen, and Guo (2007).
Table 1
Comparison of Electricity Density of Energy Harvesting Methods
Energy Source
Electrical power Density Efficiency
Source of Information
Acoustic Noises
0. 003? W/
0. 96? W/
(Rabaey, Ammer, Da Silva Jr.
Patel, Roundy, 2000)
Temperature Deviation
10? W/cm3
(Roundy, Steingart, Frechette
Wright, Rabaey, 2004)
Ambient Car radio Frequency
one particular? W/cm2
(Yeatman, 2004)
Ambient Light
75 mW/cm2 (direct sun)
95 _W/cm2 (illuminated office)
(Yildiz 2009)
Thermoelectric
60 _W/cm2
(Stevens, 1999)
Vibration
(micro generator)
5 _W/cm3 (human motion – Hz)
800 _W/cm3 (machines – kHz)
(Mitcheson, Green, Yeatman, Sherlock holmes, 2004)
Heurt (Piezoelectric)
2 hundred? W/cm3
(Roundy, Wright, Pister, 2002)
Airflow
1? W/cm2
(Holmes, 2004)
Push keys
50 _J/N
(Paradiso Feldmeier, 2001)
Footwear Inserts
330? W/cm2
(Shenck Paradiso, 2001)
Hand power generators
30 W/kg
(Starner Paradiso, 2004)
Back heel strike
7 W/cm2
(Yaglioglu, 2002)
(Shenck Paradiso, 2001)
The mentioned values in Table one particular above were deduced on data presented in archived research, textbooks, and also empirical research conducted simply by Yildez et al. (2007). While this kind of comparison is exhaustive, the comparisons perform confirm that many potential alternatives to regular batteries can be bought (Yildez ou al. 2009).
Although an array of energy collection techniques can be found, most are limited for the power-hungry mobile phones that are at the moment on the market, and everything signs show that these products will always incorporate yet further features in the future, producing an alternative energy source all the more significant. At present, there is not any single energy-harvesting method obtainable that is capable of generating enough power for each and every application, and the choice of method must be based on the type of program that is designed. Some of the now available energy-harvesting strategies include individuals summarized in Table two below:
Desk 2
Available today energy-harvesting resources
Source
Description
Human Body:
Mechanised and energy (heat variations) energy can be generated coming from a human or animal body by actions such as walking and working.
Natural Strength:
Wind, normal water flow, ocean waves, and solar energy can provide limitless energy availability in the environment.
Mechanical Energy:
Vibrations from equipment, mechanical anxiety, strain via high-pressure motor, manufacturing devices, and waste rotations can be captured and used because ambient physical energy sources.
Cold weather Energy:
Waste heat strength variations by furnaces, heating elements, and scrubbing sources.
Light Energy:
This kind of source may be divided into two categories of strength: indoor place light and outdoor sunshine energy. Lumination energy could be captured through photo sensors, photo diodes, and photo voltaic photovoltaic (PV) panels.
Electromagnetic Energy:
Inductors, coils, and transformers may very well be as background energy sources, depending on how much strength is needed pertaining to the application.
Origin: Yildiz 2009
Figure 6 below shows a obstruct diagram of general ambient energy-harvesting devices developed by Yildiz (2009). The first line of Number 6 signifies the energy-harvesting sources; the 2nd row of Figure 6th indicates real implementation and tools which have been employed to reap the energy in the source; plus the third row of Physique 6 shows the energy-harvesting techniques used with each origin.
Figure six. Ambient Strength Systems
Resource: Yildiz 2009
Taken with each other, it is crystal clear that a significant problem has been created by the introduction of a wide range of energy-hungry mobile cellular devices lately, and the study was regular in demonstrating that these styles are expected to keep well into the foreseeable future. Concurrently, despite regular intensive research, conventional power supply technology remains relatively stagnated, suggesting that things are going to get worse before they get better unless and until a viable option power origin can be created to help power these mobile phones. To help address this need, the solution proposed herein can help fill the energy gap that could continue to expand and the technique by which this kind of project originated is reviewed further listed below.
Chapter 3: Methodology
Explanation of the Analyze Approach
This study employed a materials review as its study approach. According to Fraenkel and Wallen, “researchers usually drill down into the literary works to find out what has already been revealed the topic they are interested in looking into. Both the thoughts of authorities in the field and other research studies happen to be of interest. This sort of reading is referred to as a review of the literature” (2001, p. 48). This approach is usually consistent with the guidance provided by quite a few researchers who emphasize the requirement to review what is known about a given topic just before developing findings and making opinions (Neuman
