WORD PURCHASE IN NP AND THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ANAPHORS Tereza Stifnerova The purpose of this dissertation is first of all to show the term order of the noun expression (NP) and exactly how the head noun of the NP can be post- and pre-modified, and second to focus on that means of a few examples of English language anaphors as well as the distinctions together and their Czech translations. The first part is going to purpose on the inside structure of NPs. Complicated nominal expression consists of the pre-modifying factors, the head noun and the post-modifying elements.
The apparent pre-modifiers could be divided into two groups: determiners and prenominals. We have to say that ždeterminers are obligatory and unique” (Veselovska: 86), and so they have a particular place in the noun phrase ” they may be at the beginning. Amongst determiners we arrange as well the possesives (my, the, etc . ). These two (determiners and possesives) are demonstrated in (1). (1) a/the/my/mum’s mug Prenominals are the adjectives and supplementary adjectives involving the determiners and the head noun.
They are recommended, which means they do not have to be inside the NP, plus they are recursive ” it means they may be not lined up in a very stringent order, although there are some semantic features which will affect the order. (2) a. the small outdated blue wood made box w.? the wood blue outdated small field c. little the old blue wooden box Post-modifiers, or perhaps postnominals, could also have a fixed or a comparatively free buy. Among elements of these category belong multiple prepositional phrases (3-4), verbs with infinitive or in the “ing form (5-6), classes (relative clause) (7), complex adjectival keyword phrases (8) and of-phrases (9). 3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) the gift for Jane by Peter? the gift from Peter to Jane a girl to watch the lector teaching history the gift that you gave me a girl [AP more fabulous than me personally ] the student of philology Except the last one particular, the others can be lined up following your head noun in a fairly free order. (10) a book of fairytales tied using a blue ribbon for my daughter Like i said, the of-phrase has a fixed place in a word order of your NP ” it has to follow the head noun immediately because it is adjacent to the noun. 11) a. an office of the teacher with the white colored door n. * the workplace with the light door in the teacher In the second portion I am going to translate some examples of English anaphors into Czech and then talk about the symbolism of them and i also will also try to show the variations between English language and Czech forms. Here are the cases in The english language: (a1) Theyi killed themk. (b1) Theyi killed themselvesi. (c1) Theyi killed each otheri. As well as the translation in to Czech: (a2) Oni jou zabili. (b2) Oni aprendí zabili. (c2) Oni aprendí zabili (navzajem).
The case (a1) gets the index we with the pronoun they as well as the index t with the accusative case of the pronoun they, which means that the pronoun there is a meaning of žpeople”, that are NOT the folks included in the which means of them, we. e. all of them has the alleged disjoined refference. The following illustrations (12), (13) and (14) show that in English language the nominative and accusative cases in the pronoun they may be used to mark different (groups of) people. (12) (13) (14) The thievesi slain themk. The thievesi killed the thievesk. *The thievesi killed the thievesi. the thieves? all of them >they are different thieves therefore they cannot have the same index The example (b1) has the index i in both cases ” this means that they and themselves includes the same persons. Because themselves is a reflexive pronoun, we can say that the population group indicated in they is a same population group as in themselves. In the example (c1) is definitely shown exactly like in the case (b1), even though in this case the 2nd pronoun can be reciprocal therefore we know that the group of people included in they is made up ” in this case ” of two people.
This means that the former killed the 2nd one and conversely the 2nd one slain the first one. It means that the reciprocals žrequire the antecedent being plural (the action or relation takes place between the users of the collection, reciprocally). inches (Veselovska: 104) These anaphors in (b1) and (c1) are also referred to as syntactic anaphors. žSyntactic anaphors have a hierarchically higher antecedent, which means they must always be bound in the same terms, usually inside the position of Subject or perhaps Agent” (Veselovska: 104) just as (15) and (16). (15) (16) All of us saw themselves in the reflection. To educate yourself is a range of every person. urselves >Subject one self >Agent (of educating) In Czech it is different. The first case in point (a2) really is easy ” the pronouns obviously state who have killed who. Oni killed je, this means one group of people killed the other 1. The examples (b2) and (c2) are in Czech similar in form yet different in meaning. Nevertheless, in the second case we are able to optionally add the word navzajem, so it will be more crystal clear who slain whom but basically, the reflexive pronoun se is universal in Czech. BIBLIOGRAPHY Veselovska, Ludmila. A Course In English Morpho-Syntax. UP Olomouc, 2009
