at the Community Level A report by: Sheryl I. Fernando “Local government authorities do not have the luxurious d of the time to wait the development of their very own de personal capabilities whic will allow these to ch attain their cherishe objectives. male impotence They should help them mselves rather than stagnate while the rest of the universe go by.
street Local government authorities he elping themselves is the essence of the home ru It is additionally the ule. cornerstone of democr ratic and just establishments. “? LOGODEF, 1993 Local governments in the Philippines possess th beginnings in the colonial administration of Spain, heir which held up in the Thailand for some thirty-two years. These kinds of three generations under Spanish 27 govt were seen as a highly votre entralized regime. The The spanish language Governor Standard in Manila actually ruled the zone and cities in the whole nation. After The country, the US g came in the first 1900s and Filippinized local government administration. The final 50 years of the present 100 years saw many developments toward decentralization. The Local Autonomy Take action of late 1950s, the passing of the Barrio Charter and the Decentralization Action o of 1967 had been all incremental national legisla ations in response to the clamour for a do it yourself? rule principle. The Filipino Constitutions of 1972 and 1987 also significantly inspired the motion for political devolution.
The most important constitutional procedures (Article 15 on Neighborhood Government) are the following: s The Our elected representatives shall enact a local federal government code which shall provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted by using a system of s i9000 decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative d and referendum allocate among the list of different county m, models their power, responsibilities and resources and offer for the qualificati ions, election, appointment, removal, conditions, salaries, electricity functions and duties of local representatives and all rs, other concerns relating to the corporation and procedure of the l local units”. The legal initiative advertising local auto onomy was strongly maintained academics and public maids who spearheaded the nec cessary reconstructs in changing the structure and firm of neighborhood governments and includ fresh functions to enable local government authorities to ded address a changing environment. The strugg for decentralization that survived more than 50 gle years culminated in the passage with the Loca Federal government Code in October 1991.
The Local al Government Code is a many comprehensiv document on local government touching on ve structures, capabilities and capabilities, including taxes xation and intergovernmental contact. “? unescap. org According to Panadero (2008) the dece entralization of governance was influenced� by local and international events (see Figure e 1). He also added that at the International Internat tional Events POSITIVE? Technological Developments? Globalization problems? Trade/Investment liberalization? Poverty emphasis flu) Politics • 3 changes in� administration • EDSA II & III • Increase Insurgency • Terrorism • Charter Change • Political Uncertainty NEGATIVE?
Episodes of world economical Slowdown & economic? Growing oil prices? Terrorism? Heath problems (e. g. SARS, Eco onomic • Boom bu ust economic� growth/cr rises • Liberaliza ation/� Deregular rization� Policies • Rising Ur rbanization • OFW Deployment • Fiscal & d debt problems DECENT TRALIZATION Sociable • Persistent poverty • Lower budget� allocation For social services • Rising inequality • Unfortunate occurances Figure 1. Economic, Social & Political Environme ent in the Last Years of Decentralization level, the positive effect has the the majority of pervasive influence on the decentralization, which was improved drastically by trade and expenditure liberalization and technological advancements.
On the Interpersonal Sector, there were a focus within the reduction of poverty, for the Economic Sector, the new international issues just like terrorism experienced positive and negative influences at the community level, even though the economic situation at the national level substantially shaped community development. The national federal government in the 1990 sought to upgrade local government by 0s delegating several limited capabilities to regional su ubdivisions and by encouraging people to take part in community affairs. Local vehicle onomy was balanced, yet , against the must ensure effective politics and admin nistrative control from Manila, especially in individuals areas where communism or Muslim ins surgents were lively. During Marcos’s authoritarian years (1 72? 86), a Ministry of Local Government was instituted to invigorate comarcal, mu unicipal, and barangay governments.
However Marcos’s genuine purpose was to establish lin of expert that bypassed provincial nes governments and ran straight to Malacanang. Most local officials were beholden to Marcos, who may appoint or perhaps remove any kind of provincial chief excutive or community mayor. All those administrators who delivered the votes Marcos asked for had been rewarded with community expansion funds to invest any way that they liked. y After the Someones Power Revolution, the new Aquino government chosen to replace every one of the local representatives who had dished up Marcos. Corazon Aquino delegated this task with her political ally, Aquilino Pimentel. Pimentel called officers in charge of local governments all across the country. They served until the 1st local elections were held under the new metabolism on January 18, 1988.
Local officials elected in 1988 were to provide until Summer 1992, within the transitory condition of the fresh constitution. Afterwards, terms of office may be three years, using a three? term limit. County units (LGUs) are territo orial political subdivisions with the Philippines which include provinces, urban centers, municipalities and barangays (the smallest politics unit inside the country). Mainly because local government representatives ar the very best into electric power by the persons, their main re role is someones welfare. All their offices are the major organizations responsible for the e skill, overseeing and monitoring of dev velopment projects at the local level.
The devolution of significant powers and functions earlier known as held by national range agencies mmunity development and poverty pain relief in to LGUs made all of them powerful conduits for com the country. Among the responsibilities tr ransferred to the LGUs were farming, health, cultural services, environment and organic resources, maintenance of local facilities facilities (such as farm building? to? industry roads, bridges and irri igation) and others. Local legal powers including decision? producing, resource allowance, rule? m making and enforcement of laws linked to these powers were also delegated to LGUs. Governor Lilia G. Pineda meets with barangay officials of flooded? municipalities in the province as she instructs them to further� intensify their efforts in ensuring the welfare and safety of their r respective constituents. Board Member Cris Garbo, Provincial� Social Welfare and Development Officer (PSWDO) Elizabeth Bayb bayan and Agriculture Consultant Roy Imperial join the meeting of� the local officials. (Photo by Jun Jaso, Pampanga PIO) The look process in starts with the barangay level. Plans are ready by the Barangay Council, and then adopted by the Barangay Development Council, consists of barangay sumado a officials elected by the persons (Figure 2). Gene erally, barangay representatives have accomplished only the elementary levels of schooling, and have little if any training in development? related actions.
Hence, barangay development strategies usually be made up only of lists of projects that focus largely c around the infrastructure features that are the obvious and least difficult to identify. A few communities do have better planning processe but these are rare. fue, Level Countrywide Planning Institutions National Economic Development� Authority (NEDA), Central Office Regional NEDA, Regional Office Regional Provincial Planning and� Development Office (PPDO) Municipal Municipal Planning and� Development Office (MPDO) Barangay Figure 2. Planning process and institutions in the Philippines Barangay Council/ Sangguniag Barangay Barangay development plans are fill in tted towards the Municipal Organizing and Advancement Office (MPDO), which comes under the jurisdiction of the Workplace of the Mayor.
The MPDO is in charge of preparing activities on the municipa level. Generally, the MPDO consolidates the approach “shopping lists” of projects and categorizes them according to the ideas of the municipality. Before this consolidated plan bec comes the official Comunitario Development Prepare, it must initial be implemented by the Comunitario Develo opment Council. Through the municipal level, plans are forwarded for the Provincial Planning and Expansion Office (PPDO) where they can be again D consolidated and prioritized on such basis as the province’s own particular plans. elizabeth The regional development programs are also reviewed by the Regional Development Local authorities before re-homing.
They are after that sub bmitted to the Nationwide Economic Development Authority (NEDA) Regional Business office, which downsides solidates each of the provincial strategies and categorizes them, based upon regional importance. The programs should also become reviewed by the Regional g Development Local authorities before adoption. The plans are in that case forwarded towards the NEDA Central Office Inter? Cabinet Coordinating Committee intended for consideration, along with the priorities of f the different government collection agencies. Based on the countrywide thrusts and priorities, the projects um that are picked are in that case consolidated and included in the Nationwide Medium? Term Development Program. The Local Govt Code (LGC) man ndates the LGUs with significant local preparing functions.
Especially, Section 106 of the Code provides that “each LGU shall include e thorough multi? sectoral development pla to be started by it is development council and an approved by its Sanggunian. The institutional tasks for prepare formulation, electronic financing and implementation happen to be likewise clearly g, prescribe by the Code: ed? The Loc Creation Plan (LDP) shall be prepared by the cal Local Expansion Council (LDC), P? The LDP will probably be approved by the Sanggunian,? Money for the development plan will be allocated by the Local Termin nance Committee (LCF), and? The Zona Chief Executive (LCE), together with the executive cal departm ments, can implement the development plan. This situatio study highlights the experience of undertaking a Priority electronic Implementation Partnership on incorporating disaster risk impact examination into the construction of new tracks in the Thailand, implemented by National Disa aster Choosing Council (NDCC) and Office of General public Works and Highways (DPWH) with support from Oriental Disaster Readiness Cent (ADPC), UN Worldwide Strategy conseguir for Catastrophe Reduction (UN/I ISDR) and Swedish Intercontinental Development Co-operation Agency (SIDA). ” Toward Mainstreaming Catastrophe Risk Reduction into the Organizing Process of Road Construction Less dangerous Roads A Priority Implementation Collaboration between the Nationwide Disaster Matching Council and the Department of Public Performs and Freeways, Philippines Beneath the Regional Consultative Committee upon Disaster Management (RCC) Program on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Development in Asia Road Sector important for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction
HISTORY The Regional Consultative Committee (RCC) in Disaster Supervision under their program upon Mainstreaming tragedy risk lowering into development (MDRD) include identified Highways and Facilities, Agriculture, Education, Health, Enclosure and Finance as top priority sectors to initiate mainstreaming disaster risk reduction. With the massive facilities development in Asia underpinned by the expenditure in roads, roads and bridges, prioritizing the Road Sector is certainly a need. In the RCC which comprises of heads of the National Tragedy Management Office buildings of dua puluh enam Asian Countries, members had published expression interesting (EoI) to mainstream of disaster risk reduction into particular industries depending on the advancement priorities with their country.
The National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) of the Philippines the industry member of the RCC portrayed interest in taking-up MDRD into road sector in partnership with the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), the agency in charge of national highway construction near your vicinity. Accordingly inside the first 1 / 4 of 06\, the Top priority Implementation Relationship for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction in the planning procedure for road building in the Thailand was started by NDCC and DPWH. The partnership was officially supported by the Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) with financial support from ALGUN International Method for Disaster Lowering (UN/ISDR) through Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency (SIDA). ource: Umschl�sselung Philippine Weakness to Environmental Disasters , Manila Observatory/Department of Environment and Normal Resources (DENR) Floods and earthquakes associated with road program in the Philippines prone to landslides, road slipping, embankment scouring and other sediment related problems. Roads in many cases are closed for several days once hit simply by such disasters causing interruption in travel services that affects the access of passengers, goods and services. The impact of flooding and typhoons in creating havoc to the country’s economy as well as to damage to house is known in the Method Term Philippine Development Strategy of 2001-2004 and accordingly the DPWH has also in-line its plans and approaches.
Priority Setup Partnership (PIP) – a Process towards mainstreaming disaster risk reduction A lot like other countries, the Road sector in the Philippines also functions in close collaboration with assorted government departments like Planning, Financing, Environment and native Government. As the development of national roads (30, 000 kilometres of length) is within the jurisdiction of DPWH, the remaining road network (172, 500 km of length) declines under the area of issue local government models. In addition , street projects derive from area advancement plans made by the National Economic Advancement Agency (NEDA) and the Local Development Councils (RDC). Likewise the feasibility reports prepared for each street project goes through an environmental and a social influence assessment led by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).
In order to mainstream disaster risk reduction, additional collaboration is needed with NDCC and specialized agencies in charge of producing risk information associated with natural catastrophes like the Korea Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), Philippines Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Companies Administration (PAGASA). A MULTI-AGENCY TECHNICAL DOING WORK GROUP WILL TAKE THE BUSINESS LEAD With this understanding, the PIP formed a technical working number of the NDCC at the beginning with multi-agency account to guide the process of rendering of mainstreaming disaster risk reduction in to the planning means of road construction. procedure of road planning and determining the glass windows of chance to introduce devastation risk decrease.
Accordingly the scope of activities was detailed the following: • Documentation of existing procedure for development of road projects with respect to problems, Documentation of contents of pre feasibility/ feasibility report of street projects in the area over the past two decades, Analysis of past injury to road facilities, Identification of specific measures that can be considered for combining hazard things to consider in project development and approval procedure, List of future priority tasks for development of roads in the Thailand. • PIP Technical Functioning Group comprises: • • • • • • • • • Chairperson, Planning services, DPWH Co-chairperson, Planning division, NDCC Members Bureau of research and standard, DPWH Bureau of design and bridge section, DPWH Thailand Institute of Civil Professional Department of Environment and Natural Solutions Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
Philippines Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Companies Administration Cookware Disaster Preparedness Center • • • The specialized working group met usually over the PIP implementation period to look at the mentioned actions above and developed the final report which details tips for integrating DRR into the planning process of fresh road development in the Thailand. BROADER ASSESSMENT PIP INVESTIGATED The technical working group engaged in discussion and selected the following actions for initiating mainstreaming. Mainly because it was realized that the ultimate aim of mainstreaming could only be attained by bringing difference in the entire system, which road projects are developed, designed, constructed and maintained.
Consequently this particular collaboration would focus on on understanding the existing The findings from the PIP had been shared within a national workshopheld in March 2007, where a wide range of stakeholders particpated including the Government, technological agencies, ESTE agencies and the Asian Advancement Bank. The recommendations had been discussed in more detail and foreseeable future steps were identified. The Project Progress a typical facilities project in DPWH uses a cyclic process composed of four levels: Project identification, Project planning, Project execution and Task operation and evaluation. consolidated form, with limited use of detailed report on damages and their related costs. Also of equal importance is to benchmark hazard intensities with the Return periods/Damages.
This is particularly difficult due to: lack of up to date topographic maps at one particular: 5, 1000 or higher resolution, a rare network of hazard monitoring stations (seismic and flood) as well as short monitoring period and limited processed data on hazards. The following essential documents were collected during the project to conduct the analysis: • Standard Terms of Research for Strategic Environment Assessment for Programs and Programmes Standard Record Format pertaining to Strategic Environment Assessment to get Plans and Programmes Test of Damage Survey DPWH Area Office Test of Consolidated Damage Record by NDCC Sample of Bridge state Inspection Kind Sample of Pre- Feasibility and Feasibility Reports of Road jobs starting 1984 List of future projects of DPWH
After the projects will be identified, feasibility studies will be conducted consisting of investigations and analysis to look for the extent and degree of desirability of a job against technical, economic, sociable, environmental, economical and detailed aspects. Within this job, sample feasibility reports above last twenty years were analysed in terms of content material and it absolutely was realized that the structure with the report typically depends on the method to obtain funding from the project. Commonly due to deficiency of funding for construction of national highway projects, DPWH administers a simple feasibility study, but for foreign-assisted projects the assessment procedure is more complex and intensive.
However , it had been noted that post 2150, the feasibility reports perform tend to incorporate a section upon “Review of hazard particular threats on road sections” even though it is generally limited to safeguarding the road sections from geological hazards just like landslides and debris fall. In addition , DPWH feasibility study includes an Environmental Effect Assessment (EIA). The EIA report framework considers the impact of dangers by determining an “environmentally critical area” of the task site where it is often visited by the natural hazards. However , will not explicitly provide details on how you can address organic hazard vulnerability and risks to system and the accompanying impact from its damage or failure.
Similarly, Cost-benefit research cover only the planned utilization of the service and does not take into account other costs (risk primarily based cost) as a result of potential destruction or feasible failure in the structure to function to a certain celebration. Assessment of damages to roads affected by a natural tragedy is carried-out by DPWH at the area level. There is no fixed format followed to get collecting info needed for the assessment as well as the reports happen to be directly sent to NDCC for the preparing of an general disaster examination report. Therefore, it becomes difficult to trace these records at the local or central offices with the DPWH. Likewise the damage details of earlier disasters obtainable from NDCC is in a • • • • • •
It is also noticed that since mainstreaming of devastation risk decrease involves an extensive range of stakeholders, interrelated ideas and applications, disaster risk reduction problems need to be related to ongoing tasks of DPWH such as: • • • • The earthquake therapy program and similar seismic vulnerability examination DPWH nationwide roads improvement and administration program, Period II DPWH road protection investment courses The study around the nationwide overflow risk examination and the ton mitigation cover the selected areas in the Israel Technical Assistance for risk assessment and management Advantage monitoring and evaluation of selected roads, Phase II, ADB Ability Building Analyze on risikomanagement for sediment related tragedy on chosen national highways Similarly close linkage should be established together with the ongoing task of NDCC in partnership with UNDP on Threat Mapping and Assessment pertaining to effective community-based disaster risikomanagement (READY). • • • •
IMPORTANT FINDINGS • DPWH adopts a basic “one size meets all” format for feasibility studies of road projects that does not especially require examination of devastation risks. During detailed design and style, disaster risk reduction elements are incorporated into the job if needed. Mostly countrywide budgets tend not to provide cash for studies and investigations at the feasibility study level, and it is as a result unusual to get disaster risk reduction measures to be included at early stages of project preparation. Outwardly funded projects are prepared to higher standards, specifically in relation to environmental assessments (where disaster risk aspects will be described if perhaps required by the particular agency) and resettlement planning.
There exists uneven using building requirements and design standards between nationwide and local highways. Absence of 1 fixed format for collecting information on harm to roads and bridges by natural hazards prepared by district-level offices. Hydrological data are around for major river basins in the Philippines but these information have not uniformly recently been processed to supply flow/stage associations for different returning periods, which could be used pertaining to road design. Learning The main element to good integration of disaster risk reduction driving projects lies in the planning period of the project cycle which include project identification and preparing of the feasibility study.
Examining the feasible impact on the project of natural unfortunate occurances or different hazards at this stage means that the proper risk reduction measures could be included in the range, layout and arrangement with the project’s main components—and why these measures will probably be allowed for inside the cost calculate. If this kind of measures are not included on the planning phase, their introduction at the after stages can be unlikely, or could be costly and bothersome (i. electronic. possibly necessitating a supplementary budget). Attempting to incorporate risk lowering measures on the design level (after main elements of the project had been decided as well as the budget have been allocated) are not able to adequately satisfy the need for catastrophe risk decrease. • • • • • Suggestions DPWH must have a standard on project id and planning procedures to get rid of quality mistakes between country wide and outwardly funded jobs and to pave the way pertaining to mainstreaming devastation risk lowering of road jobs. Feasibility reviews should include checks of the effects of potential disasters. A great enhanced natural hazard/impact analysis component should be included in the EIA for nationally-funded and foreign-assisted projects The present system intended for monitoring highway needs to be improved to allow for the recording of damage due to natural disasters. Standard forms and revealing standards needs to be introduced intended for monitoring and then for collecting destruction data from the impact of natural unfortunate occurances on tracks.
Capacity of staff to assess the impact of natural disasters needs to be elevated, particularly on the regional and district levels. The key to successful incorporation of tragedy risk decrease on road assignments lies in the planning phase, • • • • • Next Methods for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction in road sector in the Thailand In order to consider forward the momentum attained under the PIP, the technical working group has recognized the following subsequent steps to know the advice: • Determining two pipe road jobs in a risk prone part of the Philippines. Both the projects will be at diverse stages namely a pipeline project with no feasibility examine and a pipeline task with a feasibility study finished.
Integrating disaster risk decrease (DRR) in to the planning means of two recognized pipeline job. Capacity building of representatives from DPWH responsible for executing feasibility studies on how to combine DRR. Experience of PIP incorporated in the RCC Guideline upon mainstreaming disaster risk lowering into Facilities • To share the experience gained during the process of implementation from the PIP with all the remaining RCC member countries, the technological working group represented by simply DPWH and NDCC took part in a local technical workshop on growing the RCC Guideline in incorporating catastrophe risk assessments as part of preparing process before construction of recent roads.
The teachings learned from the PIP acted as the guiding methods for starting mainstreaming devastation risk reduction. • • Regional Consultative Committee in Disaster Management (RCC) The RCC consists of members whom are working in key Government positions in the National Devastation Management Office buildings of countries of the Asian area. To date, 21 countries will be represented by simply 30 RCC Members through the Asia and Pacific areas, namely, Afghanistan, Bangladesh Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua Fresh Guinea, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Asia, Timor Leste and Vietnam.
RCC Program on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in to Development Coverage, Planning and Implementation in Asia (RCC MDRD) The priority determined by the RCC is the the usage of disaster risk concerns into advancement planning. To initiate actions on this agreed direction, the RCC Plan on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Development Coverage, Planning and Implementation (MDRD) was launched on the 4th RCC meeting in Bangladesh in March 2005. The RCC 5 used the Hanoi RCC your five statement upon Mainstreaming Catastrophe Risk Reduction into Advancement in Parts of asia which prioritizes mainstreaming of DRR to become initiated in National advancement planning procedure as well as Sectoral development.
It identified 6 priority areas namely Culture, Education, Well being, Housing, Metropolitan Planning and Infrastructure and Financial services for mainstreaming of DRR. This software has five components for implementation: • • Part 1: Expanding Guidelines and Tools intended for MDRD Aspect 2: Commencing Priority Execution Partnerships (PIP) in MDRD in RCC Member Countries Component three or more: Showcasing wise practice on MDRD and Monitoring Progress Aspect 4: Proposal for Building awareness and Political Support to MDRD Component a few: Mobilizing Relationships for regular and environmentally friendly implementation Lay-out and studio by: Philipp Danao • • •
The Hanoi RCC 5 statement discovered the following sub themes inside the Urban Planning and Facilities to initiate mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction: For more information, please speak to: • Aloysius Rego, Representative and Staff Leader Email: [email, protected] net • Arghya Sinha Roy, Job Manager Email: [email, protected] net Disaster Management Systems Team Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) P. U. Box 4 Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand Tel: (66 2) 516 5900-10 Fax: (66 2) 524-5350, 5360 Email: [email, protected] net web page: www. adpc. net Bringing out Disaster Risk Impact Assessments into the building of new tracks and bridges, Promoting the utilization of hazard risk information in land-use planning and housing code programs
This situatio study features the experience of commencing a Priority Execution Partnership in incorporating disaster risk effects assessments in the construction of recent roads inside the Philippines, integrated by the Nationwide Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) and Department of Open public Works and Highways (DPWH) with support from Asian Disaster Readiness Center (ADPC), UN Foreign Strategy for Devastation Reduction (UN/ ISDR) and Swedish International Development Assistance Agency (SIDA). References: � ONLINE�: � Guide to Comprehensive Development Plan� http://www. mongabay. com/reference/country_studies/philippines/GOVERNMENT. html� Accessed: June 26, 2012 Local Government Code. http://www. chanrobles. com/localgov1. htm� Accessed: June 26, 2012� Local Government in Asia and the Pacific: A Comparative Study. Country paper: Philippines� http://www. unescap. org/huset/lgstudy/country/philippines/philippines. tml � Accessed: June 26, 2012� Luz Seno? Ani. Participatory territorial planning: the farming systems development approach in� community planning in the Philippines, 1995–2002. http://www. fao. org/docrep/005/Y8999T/y8999t06. htm� � Accessed: June 26, 2012� � Philippines? Government� http://www. mongabay. com/reference/country_studies/philippines/GOVERNMENT. html� Accessed: June 26, 2012� � Rationalizing the Local Planning System� http://www. dilg. gov. ph/PDF_File/reports/DILG? Reports? 2011712? ea7ba5859e. pdf� � e? BOOK/BOOK: � � Panadero, Austere A. (2008). Strategy to Further Decentralization in the Philippines. LOGODEF� Journal on Local Governance.
Towards Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into the Planning Process of Road Construction� � � IMAGES: � Gov. meets with brgy officials: � http://pampangacapitol. ph/2011/10/06/gov? meets? with? barangay? officials/� � cory caricature?? from the Filipino mind: Bobby Tuazon� http://thefilipinomind. blogspot. com/2009/08/cora? aquino? how? politics? of? reform? lost. html� � Cover photo by Sheryl Fernando, documentor, Executive management course for PSWDOs and� MSWDOs in Mindanao A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in� Development Management in n Development Organizations Submit tted to: Dr . Jedida L. Aquino Profe essor Submitted by: Sheryl I. F Fernando MD DM
