The standard biological unit of all living organisms can be cells. Living organisms had been diverged into Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya over a couple of billion years back and categorized into unicellular and multicellular organisms. Cells are made up of cytoplasm and nucleus, enclosed within a membrane, with nucleic acids and necessary protein biomolecules within them.
The conventional procedure of cellular characterization depends on laboratory-based approach such as tiny analysis, cell culture, biochemical assays, healthy proteins biomarkers and molecular examination. Microscopic research as the principal method for cellular identification on many occasions may not be correct as several cells may well share similar morphology characteristics which slows classification of cells. Gram staining is pretty quick nevertheless lack specificity. In addition , biochemical assays and protein biomarkers are relatively expensive and technically demanding as they require enzyme, antibody, and markers that are cell-specific for cell identification and expression. Alternatively, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) allows for cellular identification depending on its innate material, but poor sample extraction method and incorrect pairing of primers can result in a false-positive, whereas intended for real-time PCR, the reactants are usually expensive and requires specialized specialist to execute the work. However , all these ways of identification happen to be costly, extended and laborious, tedious sample preparation, needs technical knowledge for procedure, lack tenderness and specificity.
Recently, biosensors have developed and advanced to be applied as a functional diagnostic device in many software field, specifically for environmental monitoring (water quality research, heavy metal studies and contaminant screening), detection of bacterias and virus in aquaculture industry, foodstuff safety and security, and so forth This rapid, sensitive and cost-effective biosensors with minimal sample processing, can be used as an alternative technique for cellular detection and classification, as a result reduce the problems faced in the conventional method. Such biosensors available for bacterial cell recognition are optical, mechanical, electrochemical (amperometric and impedimetric) biosensors. Impedance spectroscopy biosensors works via the conversation of analyte (whole-cells) and bioreceptor (antibody/binding protein) which measures the alterations in capacitance and amount of resistance across an electrode over the wide range of rate of recurrence. Impedance correlated directly with analyte concentration. At higher frequency, impedance is usually measured through the resistance in the analyte’s option, whereas at lower rate of recurrence, the amount of resistance comes from the charge transfer of electrons.
Through this work, we discover the first time that, cellular material as single biological product exhibit semiconductive-like properties in a Schottky verse. A Schottky junction is actually a metal-semiconductor verse that reveals rectifying houses on current voltage (I-V) profile since observed in regular p-n junction. The semiconductive-like properties in whole-cells is based on DNA/RNA/protein content material which is just like that seen across DNA-specific Schottky diode reported in previous studies. Collection of many ‘fingerprinting’ electric signals via different cells can be used in while the basis to get cell identity and characterization.
