The use of medicinal plant life for curing health conditions has been in practice since ancient times (Aslam and Afridi, 2018). The selection of plants intended for drug advancement is in custom from historic time because they contain bioactive and medicinally useful compounds, such as alkaloids and terpenoids, and at this time 28, 187 plant varieties are documented as being of medicinal uses (Willis, 2017).
Bixa orellana owned by family Bixaceae commonly known as ‘annatto’ or ‘lipstick tree’ indigenous to South America, Central America and Caribbean islands is known as a tropical elaborate plant with traditional uses. In Asia plant is primarily grown in India, Thailand and Ceylon (veraltet). In India the plant can be popularly known as ‘Sinduri’ or perhaps ‘latkan’ as well as its English brand is ‘annatto’ while in German it can be called ‘orlean’. The plant is primarily grown pertaining to the seedling which produces orange-red coloring powder with Brazil, Peru and United States being the largest producer and exporter, whereas Western Europe and The japanese being the key market. The soluble norbixin extract, vegetable oil extracts, and solvent-extracted bixin are in great demand throughout the world and this along with roots, start barking and leaves are used in food, cosmetics and pharma industries.
The introduction of new drugs of natural beginning has driven attention in identifying (C Kumar and Pandey, 2015, A Pandey et ‘s, 2017), checking out and protecting various therapeutic plants (G Pandey ainsi que al, 2017, H Pandey, 2018, Elizabeth Pandey ou al, 2018), with new bioactive ingredients and potentiality to prepare drug formulations (B Pandey, 2017, D Pandey, 2017, Farreneheit Pandey ain al, 2017). Thus it might be necessary to evaluate morphological features and phytochemical investigation intended for quality standardization of this socio-economical and globally popular flower species. Consequently this examine was designed to get morphological evaluation, phytochemical evaluation and traditional uses in the plant.
The plant can be an evergreen shrub or small forest with two to 8 m height. The leaves are simple, opposite with acute height and basic and average size six. 5 cm in length and 4. 6 cm breadth (Radhika ou al 2010), stipulate, and spirally organized, scaly during young stage and become glabrous at maturity. Fresh leaves and leaf powder are green in colour with slightly bitter taste (Radhika et al 2010). Bark is tough, smooth and lightweight or darkish in coloring. Flowers pedicelate terminal branched panicles with 8 to 50 flowered, fragrant, 4-6 cm across, pedicel scaly, thickened in the apex, bearing 5-6 significant glands, having 4 to 5 free and obovate sepals, caduceus and covered with scales, petals are 5 to 7, obovate with scaly sections, stamens infinite, 1 . 6th cm very long pistil with superior ovary, 12-15 millimeter long style, bi-lobed stigma.
Plants produces 3 different bloom hues viz pink, magenta, and white colored which, transformation into crimson, greenish-red, and green coloured fruit. Depending on these characteristics along with the pigment profile 3 fruiting varieties- ovate reddish, conical greenish-red, and hemispherical green were observed and among these kinds of ovate red-coloured fruit selection were identified to be remarkable in all morphological aspects (Akshatha et ‘s 2011). Its heyday takes place primarily in planting season and fruiting in summer months. Fruits happen to be spherical or ovoid pills, bi-valved, seed products oval and angular, and lots of with dazzling orange-red jackets.
Plant requires a sunlit, humid weather with the average temperature and annual rainfall of 20″26C and 1250″2000 mm respectively. Under unevenly distributed rainfall, irrigation is needed for the plant. It generally prefer simple to a little bit alkaline soils and also preforms well in limestone or a coral reefs base. A study observed that 3 years aged plant shows higher seed yield approximately 2483 kg/ha (Kanjilal and Singh 1996).
The plant can be propagated by seeds or come cuttings. The seeds require optimum storage space conditions and germination generally starts 30-45 days. Seed germination displays significant reduction with the passage of time (Singh et ‘s., 2016). Older seeds immediately germinate via fresh fruits in 7 to 10 days under moist conditions. Ovate red-coloured fruits variety possess highest range of seeds we. e., 46 showing maximum yields 1 . 5 to 2 . zero kg of seeds per plant with ¤ 2 . 13% (w/w) (Akshatha et al 2011). Vegetatively propagated plant bouquets early and bear fruit inside two years. Insect pollinated fruits mature within 5 to 6 several weeks and herb shows seedling production in 4 to 12 yr and keep productivity for more than 20 years.
The phytochemical and pharmacognostic investigations of plant parts reveal several volatile and bio-active chemical substances. The plant largely contains terpenes, terpenoids, carotenoids, apocarotenoids, sterols, and aliphatic compounds (Shahid-ul-Islam et approach 2016). The aqueous and ethanolic components of the flower shows phenols, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids (Dike et ing. 2016, Padhi and Panda, 2016), without having traces of carbohydrates, although petroleum ether extract produced only flavonoid, tannin and glycoside (Padhi and Farmer, 2016). The GC-MS evaluation of aqueous extract with the plant shows that acetic acid was your major component (Yong et al. 2013). GC’MS examination accompanied with mass spectral database and Kovats indexes, diagnosed 107 unpredictable compounds by water- and oil-soluble flower extracts, away of which 56 were tentatively identified whereas 51 had been positively determined (Galindo-Cuspinera ou al 2002). The hydrodistillation of various plant parts and GC-FID and GC/MS research identified twenty-one volatile ingredients with forty. 8 ” 94. 9% sesquiterpenes (Giwa-Ajeniya et approach 2016).
The micromorphological studies with the leaf powder shows simple and compound raphide shaped calcium mineral oxalate deposits and starch grains while physicochemical exploration reveals 28. 5% w/w acid detergent fiber, sixty. 7% w/w moisture content, 5. 66% w/w total ash, zero. 66% w/w acid absurde ash, installment payments on your 33% w/w water sencillo ash, almost 8. 4% w/w alcohol soluble extractive benefit, 12. a couple of % w/w water sencillo extractive worth and almost 8. 57 % w/w azure soluble extractive value (Radhika et approach 2010). The aqueous leaf extract shows presence of flavonoids (21. 89 g), glycosides (31. 86 g), tannins (11. 11 g) and phenols (121. fifth there’s 89 g) (Dike et ing. 2016), and beside these the solvent extract also shows presence of terpenoids, saponins, anabolic steroids and hydroquinone (Bhatnagar et al 2015).
