The Health Promotion Model (HPM), designed by Nola J. Pender, describes the multidimensional character of persons as they socialize within their environment to follow health although increasing all their level of health. Pender presents a theory that places importance about behaviors that improve wellness through a life span. The HPM offers insight into how affecting factors knowledgeable by a person and their interactions with the environment affect the quest for health. HPM remains suitable as well being promotion and illness elimination continue to be as critical as the treatment of disease.
Overall health is an active state by which constant efforts are made by the individual, in their environment, to achieve and maintain health. The patient has a distinct group of factors influencing their actions to attain overall health. The success of the HPM is dependent on the presumption that an person is ready and in a position to play a working role through health advertising behavior (Alligood & Tomey, 2010). Inside evaluation and analysis in the theory Identify assumptions, both explicit and implicit.
Assumptions will be statements which have been understood to be true without proof or demonstration.
They are morals about tendency one welcomes as the case. Pender’s presumptions of the Health Promotion Model are precise and testable. Explicit assumptions are assertions that are clearly defined and remove (remove any) ambiguity. As a result of explicit mother nature, this model has been used because the basis of many research studies, equally nursing and non-nursing. The explicit assumptions of Pender’s theory contain:
1) People seek to make conditions of living through that they can exhibit their unique individual health potential. 2) Folks have the convenience of reflective self-awareness, including examination of their own competencies. ) Folks value progress in directions viewed as positive and make an attempt to achieve a personally acceptable harmony between modify and steadiness. 4) People seek to actively regulate their particular behavior. 5) Individuals in most their biopsychosocial complexity interact with the environment, steadily transforming the environment and becoming transformed after some time. 6) Health professionals constitute part of the interpersonal environment, which will exerts influence on individuals throughout all their life covers. 7) Self-initiated reconfiguration of person-environment active patterns is important to habit change (Alligood & Tomey, 2010).
How exactly does the theorist define the four ideas of the paradigm of nursing? These ideas are: Nursing jobs, Environment, Person and Well being. Most theorists have defined these concepts differently. Even though the HPM concentrates on health promo and offers many holistic methods to understanding well being, the several major principles of the nursing paradigm are not defined by Pender. The model will help nurses strategy and apply health-promoting alterations. It takes into consideration the multidimensional nature of persons as they interact into their environment to pursue overall health while elevating their degree of well-being.
How exactly does the theorist define and inter-relate main concepts that belongs to them theory? When health advertising behaviors will be the desired result of the version, Pender pinpoints relationships between concepts. The model backlinks the major concepts under three headings: specific characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and behavioral end result. Individual attributes, which include prior related behaviours and personal factors, are the best predictors of upcoming behavior. Individual characteristics influence behavior specific cognitions and affect.
The behavior specific intuition and affect are listed by Pender because the following: Perceived benefits obstacles, self-efficacy, activity related affect, interpersonal affects, situational impacts, commitment to plan of action, and immediate rivalling demands and preferences. Tendencies specific c?ur and impact are the majority of amenable to become changed by simply intervention, which makes them the core intended for nursing intervention in the HBM. Both specific characteristics, experience, behavior certain cognitions, and affect have direct effects on the behavioral outcome (George, 2010). Recognize propositional statements
Pender designed fourteen assumptive assertions or propositional assertions for The Health Promotion Style. These statements show how the biopsychosocial processes inspire individuals to take part in behaviors directed towards the development of well being (Alligood & Tomey, 2010). The theoretical assertions or statements will be the following:
1) Prior patterns, as well as passed down and acquired characteristics, impact beliefs, impact, and enactment of health-promoting behavior. 2) Persons invest in engaging in actions from which they will anticipate deriving personally highly valued benefits. ) Perceived boundaries can restrict the determination to action, the schlichter of patterns, and the genuine behavior. 4) Perceived proficiency or self-efficacy to execute a given tendencies increases the likelihood of commitment to action and actual performance of behavior. 5) Greater perceived self-efficacy results in fewer perceived barriers to certain health tendencies. 6) Positive affect toward a behavior results in better perceived self-efficacy, which, consequently, can result in elevated positive impact. 7) The moment positive thoughts or have an effect on are associated with a patterns, the probability of commitment and action is improved. ) Folks are more likely to agree to and engage in health-promoting manners when significant others version the behavior, expect the behavior to happen, and provide assistance and support to enable the behavior. 9) Family members, peers, and healthcare companies are important options for interpersonal affects that can boost or reduce commitment to and diamond in health-promoting behavior. 10) Situational affects in the exterior environment can increase or decrease determination to or perhaps participation in health-promoting patterns.
1) The higher the commitment to a particular plan of action, the more likely health-promoting behaviors will be maintained over time. 12) Commitment into a plan of action is less likely to make desired behavior when contending demands that persons have got little control require quick attention. 13) Commitment to a plan of action is less likely to make desired patterns when various other actions will be more attractive and thus preferred above the target behavior. 14) Persons can modify notion, affect, and the interpersonal and physical conditions to create incentives for health actions (Alligood & Tomey, 2010).
Examine consistency in the theory Uniformity (logical form) refers to organized development and structural clarity. Definitions of concepts needs to be consistent over the theory and relationships throughout concepts obviously identified. Is a theory rational? The model’s conceptual diagram and its variables are easy to figure out. The theory is definitely logical because there are many human relationships between every concept, quite a few both immediately and not directly affecting the ultimate endpoint of health promoting behavior. Touch upon the adequacy, simplicity and generality in the theory.
Adequacy is a term that identifies how the theory is acknowledged by the nursing community. Can it be applicable to rehearse? Does this theory explain nursing? The Health Promo Model can be applied to nursing and accepted by the nursing jobs community because of the use of the nursing method. The medical process is a goal-oriented way of caring providing you with a structure to medical care. It involves five major connected with each other cyclic steps: assessment, prognosis, evaluation, preparing, and execution. The most important methods of the nursing jobs process mainly because it relates to this model involve the implementation and evaluation phases.
Although evaluation, diagnosis and planning stages are important for the development of the HPM, they are not directly shown in the model. Implementation is found throughout the complete model through the use of the characteristics, activities, cognitions, and affect information to identify how you can support the commitment into a plan of action and how to encourage your customer to seek to stop competing demands and not turn into entangled by simply competing tastes. Evaluation relies upon the performance of the target health-promoting behavior (George, 2010). Convenience refers to having few ideas and simple relationships.
Complex theory would have a large number of concepts and multiple associations. Pender’s concepts are simple and simply understood. The concepts can be logically applied to any condition in which a client aspires to modify health related actions and those environmental influences to back up this change. Flexibility with the model permits identification of the most important variables in relation to a selected health habit. Generality refers to the range of ideas and desired goals. The more limited the concepts and goals, the much less general the theory. The more standard the theory, the more the applications.
Generalizability of your model centers on evaluating its use to other situations or phenomena. This model focuses on considering the individual but is not easily generalizable to groups or community populations. It can be put on different configurations and is not really limited to particular cultures as it allows for the diversity of the individual. Type of theory refers to: Grand theory, Middle section range or perhaps Micro theory, Philosophy. The Health Promotion Style is considered a middle selection theory. It has been formulated through induction through existing research to form a design of knowledge about health behavior.
Middle selection theories generally are produced through this method. These theories are more correct, with a give attention to answering specific nursing practice questions. Exterior evaluation and analysis Romantic relationship of theory to practice The intent with the model is to provide advice to rns when figuring out how to end up being most supporting to a affected person when planning and implementing health related change. It takes into consideration that folks are exceptional, and their life experiences and private characteristics affect health behavior changes.
Web-site and get consider all of these variables, it acts as an appropriate tool intended for promoting positive health related actions. It has strength of use in practice because taking a look at all variables provides a even more complete photo of the customer. This completeness in turn will need to enhance the probability of positive outcomes (George, 2010). One study read for this assignment proposed the advantages of health advertising and disease prevention to a family event caregivers of post-stroke patients in Taiwan.
Formal medical care and social service helpful post-stroke attention in Taiwan are limited. Patients happen to be cared for at home with family members while the primary types of care. The Health Promotion Model provides a framework for a modified model through this study, which often facilitates examining the relationship among and between caregiver’s personal factors, the care recipient’s functional position, the caregiver’s perceived self-efficacy, social support, reactions to caregiving, and well being promotion manners in family caregivers of community residing stroke patients in Taiwan.
Nurses generally neglect including social support in to teaching of family members. Social support is an important element for caregivers because the caregivers need all the support as it can be from others. Nurses may refer these caregivers to, and even set up, community training programs and support groups to a family event caregivers. The findings with this study suggested the need to follow up with caregivers and referring them to the appropriate health care services in which necessary (Tang and Chen, 2002).? Romantic relationship of theory to education
This model as well as its variables supply a tool for successfully adding health education into practice. The factors can be altered through medical actions, which in turn facilitates easy adopting health-related behavioral transform and is even more realistic because it takes into account a client’s behaviors and preferences. This allows the doctor to develop an exceptional care plan that will take these manners into account. Rns are capable of influence healthy and balanced behaviors and incorporate all of them into sufferer teaching.
A recently available study applying Pender’s Wellness Promotion Theory as the framework focused on the relationship among nurses’ philosophy regarding the great things about exercise, all their exercise tendencies and their recommendation of workout for well being promotion or as part of therapy plan. Morals of the benefits of exercise were measured using the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS). The philosophy of benefits were determined making use of the EBBS rewards subscale report, with a bigger score highlighting the person’s feelings of stronger positive benefits of workout.
Results showed positive correlations between exercise benefits, work out and advice of workout to individuals. Nurses who believe in well being promotion and embrace healthier behaviors are more likely to be positive position models and teach healthier behaviors to their patients (Esposito and Fitzpatrick, 2011). We believe that nursing staff have a specialist responsibility to provide the best care for their patients, and are in the position to be role types.
Nurses spend the most time with individuals and, because of this, impact sufferer health simply by teaching healthier behaviors and health advertising. Relationship of theory to analyze Pender modified and centered the Health Promotion Model on her previous research studies identifying factors involving research of how persons make decisions about their very own health care in a nursing context. This model has served being a framework for research planning to demonstrate desirability for clientele to seek patterns change and possibly changing the surroundings to support healthy behavior (George, 2010).
Both equally quantitative and qualitative strategies have been utilized, with detailed studies getting most common. One of these of making use of the theory in research is the following. Nola Pender’s Health Promo Model was the framework to get a non-experimental, quality assurance study employing descriptive nostalgic chart review in countryside family practice clinic in the southern Us. The purpose of this study was going to evaluate cigarette smoking cessation input by major care providers for individuals who smoke cigars with a well-known history of CAD.
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