A Comparison of Piaget, Freud, and Erikson
by
Randy Hartenstine
Psychology 1513-51
Extra Credit rating Paper
April 8, 99
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The psychology field has grown to get respected as being a science. Objectivity and the clinical method are both part of the psychologists mode of operation. Yet , even the greatest of specialists can only hypothesize about what makes human beings act the way they perform. Absolutes are not part of psychology. Everything is definitely relative and open to rumours. Theorists provide us with their views or concepts about existence. In the field of psychology, there have been many different areas of fascination. Human expansion is one of the the majority of popular parts of interest for those who study mindset. Freud, Erikson, and Piaget are all great theorists with different ideas concerning human development. Each theorist developed suggestions and levels for individual development. Their very own theories upon human creation had people passing through different stages. Each theory differed on what these levels were. These kinds of theories likewise differed with their respect toward paradigmatic assumptions, learning and development, and relationship towards educational practice.
Freud is known as the father of psychology. Although some of his work has been dismissed, the majority of it even now holds excess weight in the world of mindset today. Freud believed that inner makes fueled human development. This individual believed one of the most powerful of all inner pushes was each of our sexual getting. Freud associated everything with sex. This consists of any bodily pleasure in any respect. Thus, when ever Freud covers the lovemaking needs of kids, they are not really the
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same kind of sexual requirements that an adult would encounter. Children skilled sexual gratification in different methods. Sucking their very own thumbs or perhaps retaining all their excrement could be seen as sexual gratification pertaining to small children. Freud also specified certain aspects of our body since erogenous areas and specific zones. Those areas included the mouth and genitals. This every fit in to Freuds obsession with sexual. An obsession that could be from the era that Freud lived in. It was a very conservative period in history. Intimate feelings had been often repressed. Freuds theory on human development could possibly be labeled the psychosexual periods of development. Freud assumed human beings that passes different levels in their life depending on which a part of their body system gratified them. Freuds psychosexual stages of development are five in total. The Oral stage occurs from birth to regarding one year. During this stage, children is orally oriented. Your mouth is the children’s erogenous region. Everything children touches is usually put in his mouth. Freud believes kids do this as it gives all of them pleasure. Every time a child pulls his thumb, it does and so because it gratifies them. In respect to Freud, the gratification is sexual. The second level in Freuds psychosexual development theory happens between the age ranges of two and three years of age. The erogenous area shifts location, thus going from one stage to another. The second erogenous zone in Freuds stages of human creation is the anal region. Freud believes kids
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experience sexual gratification during bowel actions and when they withhold bowel movements. Some children can even experience delight handling, taking a look at, or thinking of their own fecal material. Once the Anal stage of development is over, the next level of development for Freud is the Phallic Stage. This occurs around three years old. The change in erogenous zones moves from the anal region for the genital internal organs. This level is also known as the Oedipal Level of psychosexual development. This name originates from the legendary king, Oedipus, who murdered his father and committed his mother. During this stage, children become interested in their lovemaking organs. Quickly they notice differences and similarities among themselves and their parents. Every single sex wants to be with the parent of the other sex, for females this is termed as the
elektra complex. When the children understand they can not be around their parent, they identify with the parent of the same sex. The next stage is called the stage of Latency. Too little of change or absence of erogenous zones characterizes this stage. After the understanding that the child can not be with a parent sexually, the child adjustments its attention to same-sexed relationships. Boys can shift their sexual urges and drives to something suitable, such as sporting activities. This is a period of relative calm. The past stage of Freuds psychosexual development is definitely the Genital Level. The erogenous zone comes back in a very highly effective
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way inside the genital internal organs. This stage takes place by puberty in adulthood. Accurate sexual desire and sexual associations mark this kind of stage.
Erikson required Freuds suggestions and enhanced them. This individual added levels for the adult years. He also shifted his attention to id rather than libido. Erikson produced the psychological stages of development. He can known for his eight levels of your life. Eriksons initial stage can be during infancy. It handles trust vs mistrust. The child develops a great outlook on life and whether the universe can be trustworthy or not really. The child builds up trust in the event the parents give the child a thing it can count on. According to Erikson, the child develops a sense of optimism or perhaps pessimism during this stage. The next stage in Eriksons psychological development is during early childhood and it is known as autonomy versus pity and uncertainty. The child becomes autonomous and realizes he can say certainly or no. This kind of stage will determine whether a child evolves a sense of self-certainty. Eriksons subsequent stage happens during the age range of three to six years. This kind of stage is marked simply by initiative compared to guilt. This stage is very important in growing the kids sense of enterprise. Your child develops project when testing out new things and is also not scared of failing. Your fourth stage of Eriksons developmental theory happens at about the age of six and endures till growing up. This stage deals with market
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versus inferiority. The child understands skills from the culture and must handle feelings of inferiority. Teenage life brings about the next stage intended for Erikson. This stage is well known for id versus identification confusion. Within this stage, Erikson believes teenagers must create a sense of self-awareness or perhaps knowing who they are. They produce a sense of identity. The sixth stage for Erikson is known to get intimacy compared to isolation.
This kind of stage takes place during small adulthood. The person seeks responsibilities from others. If he could be unsuccessful, he may take on remoteness. Erikson is convinced this level is important in mastering love. The seventh stage for Erikson takes place during adulthood. It can be marked by simply generativity versus stagnation. During this stage, the adult is concerned with guiding the next generation. This stage in respect to Erikson gives the adult a sense of caring. Eriksons last and 8th stage happens at an adult age. Senior years is marked by sincerity versus give up hope. During this time, the individuals may acquire a sense of acceptance that belongs to them life, which allows for the acceptance of death. When one goes through this last level, Erikson believes that a person has accomplished wisdom.
Piaget as well believed in developmental theory. Her stages had been cognitive phases. These phases were based about what the kid can perform. According to Piaget, a kid passes through four periods in its lifestyle. Piaget was interested in the childs
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abilities and senses, not really sexual wishes like Freud was. Piaget believes the first stage of advancement should be a intellectual one. Her first level is known as the sensorimotor level. It takes place from beginning to about two years of age. During this time, a young child learns electric motor meaning, target permanence, as well as the th beginning of emblematic representation, also referred to as language. The child will change coming from someone who responds only through reflexes to a single who can plan his activities in relation to his environment. It will this through sensory and motor activity. The next stage in Piagets cognitive expansion theory is a pre-operational level. This occurs from regarding two to seven years of age. During this stage, the kids language grows. They produce a representational system and make use of symbols including words to symbolize people, spots, and incidents. From about seven to thirteen years old, Piaget thinks children enter the concrete detailed stage. They will solve problems logically. They will understand guidelines and form concepts. A lot of children become moralistic. The very last stage Piaget believes may be the formal operational stage. This stage takes place from about twelve years of age through adulthood. Once someone has come to this level, one should be able to think abstractly, manipulate summary concepts, employ hypothetical thinking, and use creative vocabulary.
These three theories in human creation each have their very own
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personal good and bad details. One issue all hypotheses must manage is paradigmatic assumptions. They are ideas that the theorist has taken for granted since facts. An example is Freuds notion that girls suffer from too little of self-esteem or perhaps self well worth all their lives because of penis envy.
Freuds assumption could have derived merely because of the time when he were living, and it had been a time when women were treated as second class citizens. Freuds assumption that sex is definitely the driving force behind everything may be a product of his instances. Sexual thoughts were generally repressed. The situation with paradigmatic assumptions is that each person gets older in a several culture and several theories dont apply to everybody.
The problem with psychology remains to be that it is rather than an exact research. It is difficult to build up good paradigmatic assumptions for that reason. Erikson presumes a child must learn these kinds of virtues or skills in this order. However what if a young child does not? Somebody may never have a meaningful relationship, nonetheless they may develop wisdom. This will undercut Eriksons assumptions that everyone must pass through these kinds of stages with this order. Piaget also has a few assumptions in her theory. A person that never learns to include may be able to think hypothetically.
These faults only show that mindset still has it is flaws. These theories has some value because they are
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not really totally wrong. These hypotheses have endured criticism and are also some of the best. Every single theory is similar by some their collection of lifestyle events, wherever they change is in their particular focus. Freud focuses on sexual, Erikson targets the personal and cultural orientation, and Piaget focuses on the kids abilities and senses. Every single theory is likewise useful when applied to it is relationship to educational practices, and these types of different beliefs guide instructors in the magical theories of forever aiming to understand man development, your head, and its behaviors.
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Work Offered
Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Mindset: Exploration and
Application, 7th Edition. Mn: West Posting
Company, 1995.
Freud, Sigmund. The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud. Brill, A.
A.: Dodd, Mead and Firm, Inc., September 1979.
Piaget, Jean, et approach. The Mindset of The Child. Berkeley and
Los Angeles: University or college of California Press, Ltd., 1972.
